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British Journal of Radiology (2005) 78, 1018-1027
© 2005 British Institute of Radiology
doi: 10.1259/bjr/13024611
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Phase contrast X-ray imaging of mice and rabbit lungs: a comparative study

M J Kitchen, BSc(Hons)1, R A Lewis, PhD2, N Yagi, PhD3, K Uesugi, MSc3, D Paganin, PhD1, S B Hooper, PhD4, G Adams, PhD5, S Jureczek, PhD5, J Singh, PhD5, C R Christensen, PhD5, A P Hufton, PhD6, C J Hall, PhD7, K C Cheung, PhD7 and K M PAvlov, PhD1,2

1 School of Physics, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia, 2 Monash Centre for Synchrotron Science, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia, 3 SPring-8/JASRI, Mikazuki, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan, 4 Department of Physiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia, 5 University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0X4, Canada, 6 North Western Medical Physics, Christie Hospital, Manchester M20 4BX, UK and 7 Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, UK



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  		Figure 1. Propagation-based phase contrast imaging schematic showing the geometrical optics construction for imaging a cylindrical object.

 


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  		Figure 2. Analyser-based phase contrast imaging schematic showing the geometrical optics construction for imaging a cylindrical object. The inset shows the analyser rocking curve for the Si(333) Bragg reflection as measured experimentally and calculated from theory (full width at half maximum ~5 x 10–6 radians). The theoretical curve incorporates the double-bounce Si(311) monochromator with the Si(333) analyser reflections and the known beam divergence for the beamline. {theta}L and {theta}H show the low and high angle points where the reflected intensity is at half of the peak intensity found at the Bragg angle {theta}B. Images are often acquired with the analyser tilted to either {theta}L or {theta}H since the intensity gradient with angle is a maximum, which provides large intensity changes for small angular deviations of X-rays.

 


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  		Figure 3. An adult mouse imaged using a Siemens Nova 3000 conventional mammography system at 26 kVp, 7.2 mAs. Image size: 87.8 mm x 46.7 mm. Black region of interest (ROI): 20 x 20 pixels. White ROI: 20 x 20 pixels. Surface entrance dose: 1.0±0.1 mGy.

 


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  		Figure 4. Phase contrast images of a 1-day-old male mouse imaged at 33 keV. (a) Propagation-based imaging (PBI) with l2=4.26 m. Image size: 34.61 mm x 13.26 mm. Black region of interest (ROI): 150 x 150 pixels. White ROI: 40 x 40 pixels. Exposure time: 5.0 s. Surface entrance dose: 8.6±0.3 mGy. (b) Analyser-based imaging (ABI) image of the same mouse. Image size: 45.66 mm x 11.10 mm. Black ROI: 150 x 150 pixels. White ROI: 40 x 40 pixels. Exposure time: 0.5 s. Surface entrance dose: 0.92±0.03 mGy.

 


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  		Figure 5. Phase contrast images of a 1-week-old male mouse imaged at 33 keV. (a) Propagation-based imaging (PBI) with l2=4.26 m. Image size: 54.07 mm x 16.79 mm. Black region of interest (ROI): 200 x 200 pixels. White ROI: 70 x 70 pixels. Exposure time: 5.0 s. Surface entrance dose: 8.6±0.3 mGy. (b) Analyser-based imaging (ABI) image of the same mouse. Image size: 64.26 mm x 11.29 mm. Black ROI: 200 x 200 pixels. White ROI: 50 x 50 pixels. Exposure time: 0.5 s. Surface entrance dose: 0.95±0.03 mGy.

 


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  		Figure 6. Phase contrast images of a 1-month-old male mouse imaged at 33 keV. (a) Propagation-based imaging (PBI) with l2=4.26 m. Image size: 95.93 mm x 32.22 mm. Black region of interest (ROI): 300 x 300 pixels. White ROI: 100 x 100 pixels. Exposure time: 5.0 s. Surface entrance dose: 8.6±0.3 mGy. (b) Analyser-based imaging (ABI) image of the same mouse. Image size: 47.16 mm x 20.00 mm. Black ROI: 300 x 300 pixels. White ROI: 100 x 100 pixels. Exposure time: 0.5 s. Surface entrance dose: 0.91±0.03 mGy. (c, d) Magnified segments of the lung from (a) and (b), respectively.

 


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  		Figure 7. Phase contrast images of an adult male rabbit imaged at 33 keV. (a) Propagation-based imaging (PBI) with l2=4.26 m. Image size: 63.31 mm x 77.42 mm. Black region of interest (ROI): 400 x 400 pixels. White ROI: 250 x 250 pixels. Exposure time: 5.0 s. Surface entrance dose: 9.8±0.3 mGy. (b) Analyser-based imaging (ABI) of the same rabbit. Image size: 57.74 mm x 60.86 mm. Black ROI: 400 x 400 pixels. White ROI: 250 x 250 pixels. Exposure time: 3.0 s. Surface entrance dose: 6.2±0.3 mGy.

 


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  		Figure 8. Speckle visibility calculated for the images in Figures 3–7GoGoGoGoGo for the regions of interest (ROIs) denoted by the black rectangles.

 


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  		Figure 9. Area contrast calculated for the images in Figures 3–7GoGoGoGoGo. Regions of interest (ROIs) denoted by black and white rectangles in these images define the object and background regions, respectively.

 




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