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British Journal of Radiology (2004) 77, 236-242
© 2004 British Institute of Radiology
doi: 10.1259/bjr/13096559
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Two- and three-dimensional ultrasound in the development of a needle-free injection system

C J C Cash, MCRP, FRCR 1 L H Berman, MRCP, FRCR 1 G M Treece, BA, PhD 2 A H Gee, BA, PhD 2 and R W Prager, BA, PhD 2

1 University Department of Radiology, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ and the 2 Cambridge University Department of Engineering, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, UK



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  		Figure 1. In vitro specimen-intradermal injection: white arrowheads outline the acoustic arc; black arrow points to the dermal–subdermal junction.

 


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  		Figure 2. In vitro-intradermal injection. Diameter of the injectate is approximately 9 mm.

 


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  		Figure 3. In vitro specimen-subcutaneous injection. White arrowheads outline the acoustic arc; black arrow points to the dermal–subdermal junction.

 


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  		Figure 4. In vitro-subcutaneous injection. Diameter of the injectate is approximately 7 mm.

 


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  		Figure 5. In vivo intradermal injection demonstrating air within the dermis.

 


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  		Figure 6. Swelling of the dermis from an intradermal injection. Arrow points to dermal–subdermal junction.

 


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  		Figure 7. Intradermal injection. Small poorly reflective pockets (arrows) suggest some injectate is reaching the subcutaneous tissues.

 


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  		Figure 8. A subcutaneous injection illustrating some of the injectate in the dermis, seen as a moderately reflective swelling (black arrow), and some of the injectate in the subcutaneous tissues, seen as poorly reflective pockets (white arrowheads). White arrow points to the dermal–subdermal junction.

 


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  		Figure 9. Manual segmentation of (a) the dermal swelling and (b) dermis alone from the same B-scan. A series of segmented B-scans is shown in 3D space (c) dermal swelling, (d) dermis alone. (e) Surface rendered dermal swelling and (f) surface rendered dermis alone are produced from the segmented B-scans, illustrating the change in dermal volume that occurs following an injection.

 




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