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X-ray refraction effects: application to the imaging of biological tissues

¹ Daresbury Laboratory, Warrington WA4 4AD, UK, ² North Western Medical Physics, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, UK, ³ Joint Department of Physics, The Royal Marsden NHS Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK, ⁴ Sincrotrone Trieste Società Consortile per Azioni, Basovizza, Italy, ⁵ Department of Physics, Università di Trieste, Italy, ⁶ City Hospital, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK, ⁷ Cancer Studies Unit, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK and⁸ Department of Materials and Medical Sciences, Cranfield University, Swindon SN6 8LA, UK

The purpose of this study was to explore the potential of refraction contrast X-ray imaging of biological tissues. Images of dissected mouse lungs, heart, liver and legs were produced using the medical beamline at the Elettra Synchrotron at Trieste, Italy. The technique used was diffraction enhanced imaging. This utilizes a silicon crystal positioned between the tissue sample and the detector to separate refracted X-rays from transmitted and scattered radiation by Bragg diffraction. The contrast in the images produced is related to changes in the X-ray refractive index of the tissues, resulting in remarkable clarity compared with conventional X-ray images based on absorption effects. These changes were greatest at the boundaries between different tissues, giving a marked edge enhancement effect and three-dimensional appearance to the images. The technique provides a way of imaging a property of biological tissues not yet exploited, and further studies are planned to identify specific applications in medical imaging.