Figure 2. Four examples of Fuzhou-developed nasopharyngeal carcinoma applicators. The microSelectron-HDR (Nucletron B. V., Veenendaal, The Netherlands) catheters are inserted into the rubber tubes shown, which have an outer diameter of 5 mm and an internal diameter of 2.5 mm. The rubber-type material spacer between the tubes ensures that the catheters are kept at 10–15 mm distance from the soft palate. Only topical anaesthesia is required and the applicators are cheap and easy to construct, as with the designs of the 1920s, and therefore reliance does not have to be placed on expensive, commercially available applicators [31].